In its latest work, Caplan recommends renaming these cells to “Medicinal Signaling Cells” due to the emphasis on the mechanism of their therapeutic effects after transplantation, which is believed to be based mainly on the secretion of factors facilitating regenerative processes. ![]() Today, there are many substitutes in the literature for the abbreviation of MSCs, including Multipotent Stromal Cells, Marrow Stromal Cells, Mesodermal Stem Cells, Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and many more. This name has become very popular and is currently the most commonly used, even though it raised doubts about the degree of their stemness. The term “mesenchymal stem cells” has been proposed by Caplan in 1991 because of their ability to differentiate into more than one type of cells that form connective tissue in many organs. After transplantation of CFU-F colonies into the recipient, they were capable of co-formation of the bone marrow micro-environment. These cells derived from CFU-F colonies were characterized by the ability to differentiate in vitro not only to osteocytes, but also to chondrocytes and adipocytes. Friedenstein was also the first to isolate from bone marrow adherent fibroblast-like cells with the ability to grow rapidly in vitro in the form of clonogenic colonies (CFU-F colony forming unit-fibroblast). Due to the ability of these cells to create osteoblasts, Friedenstein gave them the name of osteogenic stem cells. This indicated the existence in the bone marrow of a second, in addition to hematopoietic cells, stem cell population giving rise to bone precursors. It was based on his observation at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s., that ectopic transplantation of bone marrow into the kidney capsule, results not only the proliferation of bone marrow cells, but also the formation of bone ( Figure 1). There are currently almost 1000 clinical trials from entire world registered at and it seems that we are starting to witness the snowball effect with MSCs becoming a powerful global industry, however spectacular effects of MSCs in clinic still need to be shown.įriedenstein was one of the pioneers of the theory that bone marrow is a reservoir of stem cells of mesenchymal tissues in adult organisms. The fields of regenerative medicine and oncology are particularly extensively addressed by MSC applications, in part due to paucity of traditional therapeutic options for these highly demanding and costly conditions. ![]() While ontogenesis, niche and heterogeneity of MSCs are still under investigation, there is a rapid boost of attempts in clinical applications of MSCs, especially for a flood of civilization-driven conditions in so quickly aging societies in not only developed countries, but also very populous developing world. It was followed by the avalanche of reports from preclinical studies on potentially therapeutic properties of MSCs such as immunomodulation, trophic support and capability for a spontaneous differentiation into connective tissue cells, and differentiation into majority of cell types upon specific inductive conditions. The easy derivation from a variety of fetal and adult tissues and not demanding cell culture conditions made MSCs an attractive research object. ![]() Then the term of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been coined in early 1990s and over a decade later the criteria for defining MSCs have been released by International Society for Cellular Therapy. ![]() It was shown as long as half a century ago that bone marrow is a source of not only hematopoietic stem cells, but also stem cells of mesenchymal tissues.
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